Initially, the ideas of Muhammad did not find wide support among the citizens of Mecca. Muhammad negotiated with the aus and Khazraj tribes in Yasrib and with their consent, in 622, he and his Muhajir followers moved to this city, which was later renamed Medina (the city of the prophet). With this event (in Arabic “Hijra” is the migration) and starts the Muslim calendar. In Medina, Muhammad founded the Muslim community (Ummah), which included in addition to the Muhajirs, a significant part of the inhabitants of Mecca. Members of the community recognized Muhammad as their prophet, religious and secular leader.

For eight years there was a bitter war between Medina and Mecca. In 630, the Meccan nobles were forced to accept a new teaching. Muhammad solemnly entered Mecca and Mecca becomes the center of Islam. From this moment, a Muslim feudal-theocratic state was formed, which was called the Arab Caliphate. Muhammad was the religious and political leader of this state. In 632, Muhammad died and was buried in Medina. After the death of Muhammad, his closest associate Abu Bekr was elected to the post of Caliph — receiver, Deputy of the prophet, who organized a number of major conquests in the name of Allah, conquered many tribes and peoples and became the head of the vast Arab Caliphate. In this way, Islam quickly spread throughout Arabia and became the dominant religion of the Arab state.

The wars of conquest of the Arab caliphs were not confined to the territory of Arabia. Already in the VII-VIII centuries., taking advantage of the weakness of Byzantium and Persia, the Arabs subordinated to their rule the peoples of the Middle and Middle East, part of India, Central Asia and other countries. The Islamization of the conquered peoples began quite quickly. To a certain extent, these peoples were already prepared for monotheism on the basis of the preaching of Judaism and Christianity. The Arab caliphs economically encouraged the conversion of Gentiles to Islam. The conquered peoples who converted to Islam paid only a tithe of income to the Caliphate’s Treasury — UMR. And those who did not convert to Islam were obliged to pay more than two-thirds of the land tax and the poll tax. Thus, the combination of violent measures, economic policy and the preaching of Islam helped to transform this type of confession into a world religion.

The main provisions of the doctrine of Islam are set out in the main “Holy book” – the Koran (Arabic. Kuran-reading). Like other world religions, Islam is a religion of revelation. According to Muslim tradition, the content of the Qur’an was told to Muhammad by Allah himself through the mediation of the angel jebrael in separate revelations, mainly at night, through visions. The basis of the Qur’an is the first sermons of Muhammad, which were recorded by his secretaries-scribes. The full text of the Qur’an (Suhuf) was collected after the death of Muhammad, then under the Caliph Osman compiled the text (Mushaf), which was declared canonical. The text of the Qur’an contains 114 surahs (chapters), with a different number of ayats (verses) from 3 to 286. In total, the Qur’an has from 6204 to 6236 verses (according to different versions of the account). The Qur’an contains creeds, religious precepts, and regulations governing family, property, legal, and other Social relations.

In Islam, the principle of monotheism is carried out more consistently than in other religions. Faith in the one God of Allah is . the Foundation of the Muslim faith. Allah is the only God who created all things and determines their existence. He is Supreme and all-powerful, wise, all-merciful and Supreme judge. There are no other gods near him, nor any independent beings. All natural phenomena, people, angels and demons are subject to Allah. Angels and demons are disembodied beings who do the will of Allah. These include the bearers of the good principle: Jabrail, Mikail, Asrafil, Azril, the angels of death — Nakir and Munkaf, the guardian of Paradise-Ridvan, the guardian of hell-Malik and the embodiment of evil-Iblis, who was cursed by Allah.